SUPREME COURT LANDMARK JUDGMENT (2025)
“Victim’s Credible Testimony Alone Is Sufficient for Conviction in Rape Cases — Even Without External Injuries or Medical Evidence”
Case Summary:
In [State vs. Accused – Name Withheld], the Supreme Court of India upheld the conviction of a man accused of sexually assaulting a 15-year-old girl. The accused challenged his conviction on the ground that no external injuries were found on the victim and medical evidence was lacking.
However, the Hon’ble Supreme Court, in a bench led by Justice Anjaria, ruled that the consistent, natural, and credible testimony of the minor victim was sufficient in itself to uphold the conviction.
The Court stated unequivocally that:
Corroborative medical evidence is not a legal necessity if the testimony is trustworthy.
Mere absence of injuries does not undermine the credibility of a rape victim.
The Indian Evidence Act does not demand corroboration where the statement of the prosecutrix is found to be reliable.
Legal Expert Analysis by Dr. Anthony Raju
Advocate, Supreme Court of India
Chairman – Indian National Human Rights Protection Council
Most Trusted Criminal Advocate | POCSO & False FIR Expert
> “This Supreme Court judgment is a powerful step forward in ensuring that justice is not denied to survivors due to procedural loopholes or absence of physical signs.
In rape cases—especially involving minors—delayed reporting, fear, and trauma often result in minimal or no physical injury. Courts must recognize that emotional scars run deeper than physical wounds.
As one of the most experienced criminal lawyers at the Supreme Court, I stand by the principle that a victim’s voice, when consistent and unshaken, holds full legal weight. This verdict discourages malicious defense tactics that exploit medical technicalities and reaffirms India's faith in victim-centric justice.
The ruling will strengthen prosecution in genuine cases while continuing to uphold the rule of law in preventing false implications.”
— Dr. Anthony Raju,
Criminal Advocate, Supreme Court of India
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Supreme Court: Section 35 BNSS Notices Must Be Served Physically – WhatsApp or Electronic Modes Not Valid
In a landmark judgment, the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India has ruled that notices under Section 35 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023 must be served in physical form only. The use of WhatsApp or other electronic communication methods does not satisfy the legal mandate under the law.
???? What is Section 35 BNSS?
Section 35 outlines the preconditions and procedure for arrest by the Investigating Agency, especially in cases without a warrant. It ensures that an individual is given a fair opportunity to appear and cooperate with the investigation before any coercive action is taken
Strong Review and Legal Appreciation of the Hon’ble Supreme Court’s Landmark Judgment on Section 35 of BNSS, 2023
By Dr. Anthony Raju, Advocate, Supreme Court of India
Chairman, Indian National Human Rights Protection Council
I respectfully extend my sincere appreciation and heartfelt admiration to the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India for its recent and landmark ruling regarding Section 35 of the Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023.
The Court has rightly held that notices issued under Section 35 must be served physically, and that service through electronic means such as WhatsApp or other digital platforms cannot be considered legally valid.
This judgment is a bold affirmation of constitutional safeguards, especially those under Article 21, which guarantees every citizen the fundamental right to life and personal liberty. By emphasizing the importance of physical service of notice prior to arrest, the Supreme Court has reestablished the core principles of fairness, transparency, and due process in criminal jurisprudence.
It sends a clear message that law enforcement authorities cannot bypass legal procedures under the guise of convenience or technology. Every accused person is entitled to know, understand, and respond to legal action through a process that is clear, accountable, and verifiable.
This verdict is a vital step in protecting the dignity and liberty of individuals, preventing arbitrary arrests, and promoting a people-centric justice system rooted in the rule of law.
On behalf of the Indian National Human Rights Protection Council, I commend the Hon’ble Supreme Court for standing strong in defense of human rights and legal ethics. This judgment will empower advocates, rights defenders, and the general public alike, reinforcing trust in the legal system.
We urge all stakeholders, including law enforcement agencies and legal practitioners, to uphold the true spirit of this ruling and ensure its uniform implementation across the country.
For legal assistance, awareness sessions, and public interest campaigns related to this and similar matters, our national human rights team remains available to assist and guide.
Contact:
Phone/WhatsApp: 8588872001
Email: office@humanrightscouncil.in
Website: www.humanrightscouncil.in
Issued in public interest under the leadership of
Dr. Anthony Raju
Advocate, Supreme Court of India
Chairman, Indian National Human Rights Protection Council
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Shri Shibu Soren – The True Leader of Humanity
Heartfelt Condolences by Dr. Anthony Raju
Advocate, Supreme Court of India
Chairman – All India Council of Human Rights, Liberties and Social Justice
"The passing of Shri Shibu Soren, a towering figure in Indian politics and a true icon of tribal rights and social justice, is an irreparable loss to the nation.
I had the honour of meeting him during the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha movement, where his passion for justice, grassroots empowerment, and the upliftment of the marginalized left a deep impact on me.
He was not just a political leader—he was a symbol of resistance, resilience, and righteousness.
His commitment to human rights and the tribal community remains a guiding light for us all.
I consider him my inspiration and role model in the human rights movement.
May his soul rest in eternal peace."
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Religious Freedom & Legal Fairness Under Threat in Chhattisgarh: Arrest of Nuns Raises Alarming Questions
????Issued by:
All India Council of Human Rights, Liberties & Social Justice (AICHLS)
Chairman: Dr. Anthony Raju, Advocate, Supreme Court of India
????️ Date: 1st August 2025
Incident Overview:
Three individuals — Sisters Preeti Marry, Vandana Francis (nuns), and a third person, Sukhman Mandavi, were arrested on July 26, 2025, from Durg Railway Station, Chhattisgarh, based on an FIR filed under the Chhattisgarh Religious Freedom Act and the Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act. The complaint was reportedly initiated by a member of the Bajrang Dal, alleging forcible religious conversion and human trafficking.
⚠️ Serious Allegations of Coercion & Fabrication:
In a disturbing twist, one of the three women from Narayanpur, who were allegedly being “trafficked,” told The Indian Express that she was assaulted and threatened by Jyoti Sharma, a woman associated with a right-wing organization, to change her original statement. The woman claims that the police took action based solely on Bajrang Dal’s version of events, without an independent or neutral investigation.
???? Key Concerns Raised by AICHLS:
Violation of Religious Freedom:
The arrest of nuns based on an unverified complaint, without preliminary inquiry or voluntary statements of the concerned women, points to targeted harassment of minority communities.
Suppression of Testimonies:
Threatening a woman to give a false statement undermines natural justice, and any FIR based on such coercion is not only unconstitutional but criminally liable.
Misuse of State Machinery:
The police must act neutrally and fairly — not under pressure from any ideological group. Relying solely on inputs from politically motivated outfits like Bajrang Dal indicates institutional bias.
Misapplication of Laws:
Sections of the Religious Freedom Act and the Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act cannot be invoked without evidence or due process. This not only criminalizes charitable work but defames individuals without trial.
Gender and Minority Targeting:
The arrest of women religious workers under dubious charges also reflects gendered communalism, where minority women are especially vulnerable to fabricated legal charges.
???? Demands of AICHLS:
Immediate Release of the arrested individuals pending impartial investigation.
Judicial Probe into the role of coercion by individuals affiliated with right-wing groups.
Protection of Witnesses, especially the Narayanpur woman who has bravely come forward.
Disciplinary Action against police officers found to have filed an FIR without due diligence.
Monitoring Mechanism to prevent misuse of religious freedom laws to harass minorities.
????️ Statement from Dr. Anthony Raju, Advocate, Supreme Court
Chairman – AICHLS
“This incident is a chilling reminder of how communal bias and political pressure can distort the justice system. When human rights defenders and religious workers are treated as criminals, we must raise our voices not just for justice, but for the soul of our democracy. AICHLS stands firm for religious liberty, legal fairness, and protection of the innocent.”
???? For Legal Help & Human Rights Support
WhatsApp: +91 8588872001
???? Email: office@humanrightscouncil.in
???? Website: www.humanrightscouncil.in
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Kerala Nuns Granted Bail in Chhattisgarh ‘Conversion and Trafficking’ Case
Issued by: All India Council of Human Rights, Liberties and Social Justice (AICHLS)
Led by: Dr. Anthony Raju, Advocate, Supreme Court of India
*Chairman – AICHLS | Date: 1 August 2025
In a notable development, the local court in Chhattisgarh has granted bail to Sisters Preeti Marry and Vandana Francis—Catholic nuns from Kerala—and co-accused Sukhman Mandavi, who were arrested last Friday at Durg railway station. They were falsely implicated in a case filed under the Chhattisgarh Freedom of Religion Act and the Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, based on a complaint by a local Bajrang Dal worker.
The court, after reviewing the available facts, observed that continued judicial custody was unwarranted.
Their advocate, Mr. Amrito Das, stated:
“The learned judge rightly observed there was no legal basis to prolong their detention and granted them bail.”
Questionable FIR and Witness Intimidation
One of the three tribal women allegedly involved has gone on record stating she was threatened and physically coerced by individuals linked to a right-wing organization to falsely accuse the nuns of conversion and trafficking. She also alleged that the FIR was influenced by statements made by members of the Bajrang Dal and not by free testimony.
AICHLS Calls for Accountability
Under the leadership of Dr. Anthony Raju, the All India Council of Human Rights strongly condemns the increasing misuse of legal provisions to target minority communities, missionaries, and women working in grassroots service. The Council views this bail order as a partial restoration of legal balance but insists that:
The misuse of the Freedom of Religion law must be legally challenged.
There should be independent investigation into the threats faced by the tribal women.
Law enforcement must be held accountable for acting on politically motivated complaints without proper evidence.
Our Next Legal and Advocacy Steps
AICHLS will be submitting complaints to the National Human Rights Commission and National Commission for Women regarding the procedural lapses and harassment.
A dedicated legal monitoring team has been assigned to track the case progress.
A fact-finding report is under preparation and will be shared with national and international human rights organizations.
Statement by Dr. Anthony Raju
“This is not just a legal issue—it’s a matter of fundamental rights, religious freedom, and protection of women in service. We stand with the innocent and demand that truth prevails over propaganda. No one should be criminalized for their faith, compassion, or humanitarian work.”
For Legal Support and Human Rights Assistance
???? WhatsApp / Call: +91 8588872001
???? Email: office@humanrightscouncil.in
???? Visit: www.humanrightscouncil.in
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Israeli Human Rights Groups Accuse Israel of Genocide in Gaza
A Historic Internal Condemnation Amid Global Outrage
In an unprecedented move, several Israeli human rights organizations have publicly accused their own government of committing genocide in Gaza, aligning their stance with international legal bodies and the rising global condemnation of Israeli military actions. The allegations, while politically sensitive and legally explosive, signal a growing internal rupture in Israeli civil society against state policy.
???? Context and Allegations
Following the months-long bombardment and siege of Gaza—resulting in tens of thousands of civilian deaths, including women and children—leading Israeli rights organizations such as B’Tselem, Yesh Din, and Breaking the Silence have issued statements categorizing the Israeli government's military campaign as not only disproportionate but also as meeting the legal threshold of genocide, as defined under the UN Genocide Convention.
Their key points include:
Intent to Destroy: Accusations that the government has expressed or facilitated rhetoric and actions that show an intent to destroy the Palestinian population in part or whole.
Collective Punishment: Targeting of hospitals, schools, residential buildings, and humanitarian corridors.
Forced Displacement: Pushing over a million civilians into unsafe zones without food, shelter, or medical access.
Dehumanizing Rhetoric: Officials have allegedly used language that dehumanizes Palestinians, which contributes to genocidal incitement.
⚖️ Expert Commentary: Dr. Anthony Raju
Advocate, Supreme Court of India
Chairman, Indian National Human Rights Protection Council & AICHLS
“When a nation’s own conscience bearers—its human rights defenders—stand up and call out their government for genocidal conduct, the world must listen. This is not a case of political protest, but a moral and legal outcry rooted in the principles of international humanitarian law.
As human rights defenders, we must strongly condemn all forms of collective punishment, ethnic targeting, and crimes against humanity, no matter where they occur. The Gaza crisis is a humanitarian catastrophe of historic proportions, and justice cannot be delayed without consequence. We urge the international community and the United Nations to act without fear or favor.”
???? Calls for International Action
International Court of Justice (ICJ): Several countries have filed petitions asking for ICJ intervention under the Genocide Convention.
International Criminal Court (ICC): Investigations are underway into war crimes and crimes against humanity.
United Nations: There is mounting pressure on the UN Security Council to pass a resolution for a ceasefire and open independent international investigations.
Global Civil Society: Protests in over 100 cities worldwide demand sanctions, accountability, and humanitarian access to Gaza.
Is the National Human Rights Commission of India a "Toothless Tiger"?
Despite being established as the apex statutory body for the protection and promotion of human rights in India, the National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) has repeatedly come under sharp criticism from civil society, human rights defenders, and legal experts. Allegations of ineffectiveness, lack of enforcement power, political bias, and compromised independence have severely dented public faith in this crucial institution.
⚖️ Key Criticisms of NHRC
1. Lack of Enforcement Powers
The NHRC can only make recommendations—these are not legally binding. Government departments and institutions are not obligated to act upon them, which often leads to acknowledgment without accountability.
2. Dependence on Accused Agencies
Investigations are commonly carried out by the same police or government agencies that are the subject of complaints. This creates a serious conflict of interest and undermines the impartiality and credibility of the outcomes.
3. Restricted Jurisdiction in Armed Forces Cases
The NHRC has severely limited authority when it comes to alleged human rights violations by the armed forces. It can only seek reports from the Ministry of Defence, without any power to initiate independent inquiries.
4. Recommendations Are Ignored
There are numerous instances where NHRC's findings and suggestions have been disregarded or only partially implemented by both central and state governments.
5. Politicized Appointments
The appointment process of NHRC members has come under scrutiny for being politically influenced, with minimal transparency and insufficient representation of civil society voices, compromising the body’s independence.
6. "Toothless Tiger" Tag by Judiciary
The Delhi High Court has rightly described the NHRC as a "toothless tiger", due to its inability to enforce its own directives or to take punitive action against violators.
7. Loss of Global Credibility
In a significant blow to its international standing, the Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions (GANHRI) has downgraded NHRC’s accreditation from "A" to "B", citing serious concerns over its independence, effectiveness, and transparency.
???? Expert Comment: Dr. Anthony Raju
Advocate, Supreme Court of India | Chairman – AICHLS
"The promise of NHRC lies in its founding ideals, but its performance has unfortunately been plagued by systemic limitations and political interference. When the protector of rights becomes a mere spectator, the very soul of justice is compromised. The people of India deserve an empowered, independent, and fearless human rights watchdog—not one that functions as a ceremonial entity. Reforms are not just desirable—they are urgently necessary."
????️ What Needs to Change?
Grant binding powers to the NHRC for its recommendations.
Ensure independent investigative machinery, separate from accused government agencies.
Expand jurisdiction over armed forces violations.
Make the appointment process transparent and inclusive of civil society.
Restore global confidence by aligning with international human rights standards.
Section 509 IPC | Mere Harassment Or Abuse At Workplace Does Not Amount To Outraging Modesty: Calcutta High Court
In a significant judgment, the Calcutta High Court has clarified the scope of Section 509 of the Indian Penal Code, observing that mere harassment or verbal abuse at the workplace, without any specific act or gesture aimed at outraging a woman’s modesty, does not amount to an offence under Section 509 IPC.
Justice Shampa Sarkar, while quashing proceedings under Section 509 IPC, held that the legal threshold for “outraging the modesty of a woman” requires more than general rude or disrespectful behavior—there must be clear, intentional, and targeted acts that visibly violate a woman’s sense of dignity or modesty.
Key Observations:
A workplace dispute, even if aggressive or hostile, does not automatically translate into a criminal act under Section 509 unless there is evidence of a specific insult directed toward the woman’s modesty.
The Court emphasized the need to avoid criminalizing workplace disagreements unless the conduct crosses the threshold into gender-based obscenity, lewdness, or sexual aggression.
???? Expert View: Dr. Anthony Raju, Advocate Supreme Court & Chairman, Indian National Human Rights Protection Council
"This judgment introduces a necessary legal clarity. While we must ensure that women's dignity is fiercely protected, it is equally essential to prevent misuse of provisions meant for their protection. Section 509 IPC has a very specific scope—it targets intentional acts meant to insult the modesty of a woman. Every unpleasant or heated workplace exchange cannot and should not be prosecuted under this section."
"Such judicial guidance helps balance gender justice with fair legal process and prevents the dilution of genuine cases amid false or exaggerated complaints."
Dr. Raju reiterated the importance of strengthening Internal Complaints Committees (ICCs) under the POSH Act to address workplace grievances while ensuring misuse of criminal law is curbed through legal education and awareness.
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False POCSO Cases in India: Legal Misuse, Consequences & Remedies
Top Criminal and Bail Expert Dr. Anthony Raju Explains Legal Protections Against False Allegations
The Protection of Children from Sexual Offences (POCSO) Act, 2012 was enacted to safeguard children against sexual abuse, exploitation, and harassment. While it is a vital child protection law, its misuse has become a serious concern—wherein false cases are filed with malicious intent, often to harass, extort, or settle personal scores.
Commonly Misused Sections in False POCSO Cases:
Section 3 & 4: Penetrative sexual assault
Section 7 & 8: Sexual assault (non-penetrative)
Section 9 & 10: Aggravated sexual assault
Section 11 & 12: Sexual harassment of children
Consequences of False Allegations:
Ruined reputation, career, and social standing of the accused
Years of trauma due to arrest, trial, and media scrutiny
Misuse dilutes the seriousness of genuine child abuse cases
Legal Remedies for False POCSO Accusations:
Section 482 CrPC / Section 271 BNSS, 2023: Power of High Court to quash false FIRs
Section 22 of POCSO Act: Punishment for false complaint or false information
IPC Sections 182, 211: False information with intent to cause injury
Right to Compensation under Law Commission/SC guidelines for wrongful prosecution
Filing counter FIR against the complainant
Expert Opinion by Dr. Anthony Raju:
“False POCSO cases are a serious abuse of protective law and can destroy innocent lives. Legal awareness and vigilance by the judiciary are essential to preserve justice and uphold the spirit of child protection laws.”
— Dr. Anthony Raju, Advocate, Supreme Court of India , High Courts
Chairman, Indian National Human Rights Protection Council
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High Court Quashed False POCSO FIR
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